domingo, 5 de janeiro de 2014

HISTÓRIA - HISTORIA - HISTORY

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg/800px-History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg
«History» Frederick Dielman (1896)

Hipóteses acerca do Universo:
Dimensão Divina transcendente à Ciência, sentida pela Fé em Jesus Cristo (IESUS CHRISTUS) e em Deus (THEOS)
Criação do Universo (UNIVERSUM, Universe - 13.798 milhões de anos) pelo Criador com leis espirituais e materiais dialécticas ...
http://assets4.bigthink.com/system/slides/79/normal/big-bangF2.jpg?1341338662
File:Archivo 362.png

«Artist's impression of the birth of the Solar System and Sun, Earth and Moon» NASA

A origem é portadora de potenciais relações causa efeito sucessivas que levam à origem da Vida (VITA, Life -4.000 milhões de anos)
no planeta Terra (TERRA, Earth -4.540 milhões de anos),
com o satélite Lua (LUNA, Moon -4.527 milhões de anos),
no sistema da estrela Sol (SOL, Sun -4.568 milhões de anos),
na galáxia Via Láctea (ORBIS LACTEUS, Milky Way -13.600 milhões de anos)




«Milky Way» Photo by ESO/H.H. Heyer (Wikipedia) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

http://cmex.ihmc.us/vikingcd/puzzle/EvoLife.GIF

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9wtYP_iFYgE8jWR5njoyvCxbKeVGfa0yXJEnP9wUUnKO0_mtqhZlfdkEVJqpiONu_fKbokMiWzFjLMXVD94WC3Ue4xBSNteTMHwkEs8S5X2FlfOolGNSkqwnU0uvp3ovk2YKSYUWPUvft/s1600/imagem4vc%255B1%255D.jpg
http://www.acemprol.com/download/file.php?id=19290http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pangea_animation_03.gifhttp://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/animate/A08.gif

A partir da Origem da Vida vão nascer e evoluir muitos seres vivos, numa Terra sempre em evolução, até ao maravilhoso nascimento dos Seres Humanos (HOMO SAPIENS, Human Beings, -0,25 milhões de anos), a Mulher (MULIER, Woman) e o Homem (VIR, Man), criação divina com o Amor (AMOR) de Deus e fruto de uma longa e difícil Evolução (EVOLUTIO, Evolution)!

http://www.plosbiology.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340.g005&representation=PNG_M
«Temporal and Geographical Distribution of Hominid Populations Redrawn from Stringer (2003)» Reed DL, Smith VS, Hammond SL, Rogers AR, Clayton DH (2004) Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans. PLoS Biol 2(11): e340. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340 (http://www.plosbiology.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340.g005&representation=PNG_M)

A Mulher e o Homem, cheios de potencialidades (potentialities) e de vulnerabilidades (vulnerabilities), nascem num planeta complexo, cheio de oportunidades (opportunities) e de ameaças (threats), um planeta com leis dialécticas (dialectical rules) que determinam evoluções e movimentações a partir de opostos e de cooperações: Amor/poder, bem/mal, empatia/entropia, saber/ignorância, comunicação/ruído, vida/morte, corpo/anticorpo, atracção/repulsão, acção/reacção, força/contraforça, veneno/antídoto, positivo/negativo, alta/baixa pressão, ordem/caos ...

Com Amor, com vontade de poder, com sensibilidade, com inteligência, com progressivo saber/ignorância, com força, com bondade/maldade, com cooperação/rivalidade, a Mulher e o Homem vão-se progressivamente descondicionar da Natureza, pelos seguintes factores:
- Técnica - os seres humanos herdam dos seus antepassados a posição erecta (evolução da coluna, dos membros, dos pés e das mãos) que lhe dão uma importante visão do Mundo em que vivem e a possibilidade de manipular matérias (madeira, osso, pedra, metal, barro) com outras matérias, com água e com fogo
- Linguagem - capacidade de expressão e de comunicação, capacidade de codificação/descodificação por via oral, escrita, pela emissão/recepção de sons harmoniosos (música), de desenho, pintura, escultura, dança e toda a forma de expressão artística
- Alimentação através de animais e de plantas - caça, pesca, colecção de frutos (o que existe na Natureza) até conseguirem gerir a domesticação e  criação de animais e de plantas na Natureza (agricultura, pecuária)
- Segurança - criação de armas que vão ser utilizadas na defesa/ataque em relação a animais e outros seres humanos e que determinam poder proactivo e reactivo
- Espiritualidade, Religião, Moral, Filosofia, Psicologia - os seres humanos têm cada vez mais consciência de si próprios e do meio ambiente que os envolve e procuram explicação para o Ser, para a Existência, para o seu sentido, para o ciclo da vida e para a morte, para o destino, para o comportamento, para a Divindade
- Trabalho - divisão familiar e social do trabalho para a transformação mais eficiente e eficaz da matéria em produto para satisfazer necessidades pessoais, familiares, sociais, o que vai tornar os seres humanos cada vez dependentes uns dos outros numa perspectiva pessoal, familiar, comunitária, social, intra e inter comunitária
- Movimentação/posição geográfica - desenvolvem-se possibilidades de nomadismo e de sedentarismo, de ruralidade e de urbanidade
http://www.virginiaplaces.org/nativeamerican/graphics/archaicsettlement.jpg
National Park Service Southeast Archeological Center (http://www.virginiaplaces.org/nativeamerican/archaicindians.html)

A partir desta base vamos realizar uma viagem pela Pré-História, Proto-História e a História (HISTORIA, History), do grego ἱστορία, que significa Conhecimento por via da Pesquisa (SCIENTA PER INDAGATIO PARTA, Knowledge from Inquiry) e como todas as fronteiras que os seres humanos traçam é relativa  e tem como fundamento a existência de registos escritos. A História estuda as relações causa efeito que determinaram os acontecimentos no passado e que influenciam o presente e o futuro da Humanidade.

-248.000 b.C - Homo Sapiens - Stone Age (Paleolithic)
-40.000 b.C - Aurignacian culture  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flauta_paleol%C3%ADtica.jpg/600px-Flauta_paleol%C3%ADtica.jpg Flute of animal bone
-38.000 b.C - Cave paintings http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/AltamiraBison.jpg/300px-AltamiraBison.jpg
-23.000 b.C  Gravettian toolmaking cultureFile:Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpgFile:Venus de Brassempouy.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg/319px-Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpgWoman representation in stone or ivory
-18.000 b.C - Châtelperronien and Mousterian cultures http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Arcy_ring.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fleche_Font_Robert_231.4_%286%29.jpg/752px-Fleche_Font_Robert_231.4_%286%29.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Distribution_g%C3%A9ographique_des_sites_du_Moust%C3%A9rien.jpg/800px-Distribution_g%C3%A9ographique_des_sites_du_Moust%C3%A9rien.jpg
«Distribution géographique de quelques sites archéologiques, comportant de l'industrie lithique du Moustérien» Manon Delamaison (Wikipedia)  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

-14.000 b.C - Wisent scupted in clay
- 11.000 b.C - Women and Man Loving was represented by Natufian culture in Sakhri Judea, Ain Sakhri near Bethleem (now in British Museum) in a photo by Geni (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg/398px-Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg
-9.000 b.C - Emergence of Jericho one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tower_of_Jericho.jpg/800px-Tower_of_Jericho.jpgTower of Jericho (-7.000 b.C in a photo by Reinhard Dietrich (Wikipedia)
-8.000 b.C - Mesopotamia, land between rivers (Tigris, Euphrates), begun the cultivation of wheat and barley (Neolithic)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Karte_Mesopotamien.png/800px-Karte_Mesopotamien.png
NordNordWest (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

-5.000 b.C - Cooper Age, invention of wheel, proto-writing
Chalcolithic (cooper+stone) culture
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hamangia_Muzeul_din_Constanta.JPG/800px-Hamangia_Muzeul_din_Constanta.JPG«The "thinkers" of Hamangia (Chalcolithic culture)» - Romania in a photo by Cristian Chirita (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/European_Middle_Neolithic.gif
-4.600 b.C - Varna (Bulgaria) oldest golden treasurehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Or_de_Varna_-_Bijoux.jpg/800px-Or_de_Varna_-_Bijoux.jpg
-4.000 b.C «Fertile Crescent» Nafsadh (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
File:Map of fertile cresent.svg

-3.600 b.C - Minoan culture begins in Creta (paiting of women ambience in Knossos palace):
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJZVLG76gM152rZEBbUhLLkuxe7hO-Id8uRHDaNZ6pUa1CNL85lrXoNc4m1sm0_uWty8yrIxl5_3UInu0MnQx7xfKc7X6QKwU0BmExDch9kPgJGi1L1GGFdtBVtOrX8QFgUt5uotSMIN5L/s1600/Creta+palacio+de+Cnossos.jpg

-3.500 b.C - Egyptian calendar with 365 days, mummification in Egypt
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Egyptian_mourners001.jpg/298px-Egyptian_mourners001.jpg«Egyptian professional mourners in a sorrowful gesture of mourning» Alma E. Guinness «Reader's Digest: Mysteries of the Bible: The Enduring Question of the Scriptures» (1988)
-3.400 b.C - writing emerged in Sumer, begining of Historyhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Early_writing_tablet_recording_the_allocation_of_beer.jpg/782px-Early_writing_tablet_recording_the_allocation_of_beer.jpg«Early writing tablet recording the allocation of beer» BabelStone (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
-2.600 b.C - Sumerian texts of literature

-3.150 b.C - Rise of Egyptian civilisation
http://www.mein-altaegypten.de/internet/Alt_Aegypten_2/Volk/Bilder/as-bm-malerei-stuck-nebamun-grab.gif
Mural with with women musicians and dancers and with an Egyptian hieroglyphic story from Waset (Thebes)
-3.000 b.C - Papyrus use by Egyptians
-3.200 b.C - Bronze Age (Cooper+Tin) - Celtic culture
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/800px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg
File:Cuenco de Los Millares.png
Los Millares in a representation of Miguel Salvatierra Cuenca and cooper art in a photo by José-Manuel Benito Álvarez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Metallurgical_diffusion.png/800px-Metallurgical_diffusion.png
«Map of the diffusion of metallurgy» Hamelin de Guettelet (Wikipedia) after M. Otte (2007) Vers la Préhistoire, de Boeck
Aegean civilization (Greece, Creta)
Coţofeni, Periam-Pecica/Mureş, Basarabi, Otomani, Wietenberg, Cernavodă, Glina, Verbicioara, Gârla Mare cultures (Romania)
Urnfield culture
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Europe_late_bronze_age.png/782px-Europe_late_bronze_age.png«Europe during the late bronze age» Xoil (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Atlantic Bronze Age and Beaker culture
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Beaker_culture_diffusion.svg/400px-Beaker_culture_diffusion.svg.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Atlantic_Bronze_Age.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iberia_Bronze.svg/727px-Iberia_Bronze.svg.png
«Iberia Bronze» Sugaar, Alcides Pinto (Wikipedia) - Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro (VNSP)
- Castro culture
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cit%C3%A2nia_de_Briteiros_1.JPG/800px-Cit%C3%A2nia_de_Briteiros_1.JPGCitânia de Briteiros in a photo by CTHOE (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
File:Cultura Castrexa.png
«Castro culture extension and geografy, and second century BCE oppida (after Rodríguez Corral, J. A Galicia Castrexa, Santiago de Compostela, 2009» Froaringus (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

-3.000 b.C - Troy was founded
-2.800 b.C - Mythological culture heroes in China
-2.700 b.C - Elam rise (Iran)
-2.600 b.C - Maturity of Indus Valey Civilisation (India, Pakistan), emergence of Maya culture (Mexico)
-2.560 b.C - Great Piramidy of Giza (Egypt)
-2.300 b.C - Phoenicia emerge
-2.200 b.C - Stonehenge (Great Britain)
-2.000 b.C - Domestication of horse
-1.800 b.C - Alphabethic writing emerges
-1.600 b.C - Chinese writing system, Mycenean Greece, Hitite Empire begins
-1.500 b.C - Scythians emerge, Rigveda composition is completed (Hinduism)
-1.412 b.C - Athens become an important center of Mycenaean civilization
-1.400 b.C - Olmec civilisation (Mexico)
-1.250 b.C - War of Troy follow Herodotus
File:Troas.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Walls_of_Troy_%281%29.jpg/800px-Walls_of_Troy_%281%29.jpgMap of Troy created by Dbachmann and Walls of Troy in a photo by CherryX (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Follow Greek histography Amazons participated in the war of Troy and in the invasion of Attica. Them origin come from Scythia - Crimea and after in Themiscyra - Terme, around Black Sea.
«Amazon and Scythian horse-warriors attack Theseus outside Athens during their legendary invasion of Attica» by Angus McBride
-1.244 b.C Carthago was founded
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/d382ca6a9b4878714f603347316a5244.png
-1.200 b.C Iron Age, Celts rise
File:Hallstatt LaTene.png
1.200 b,C - «Hallstatt culture» Dbachmann (Wikipedia) from «Atlas of the Celtic World» John Haywood (2001) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PhoenicianTrade.png/325px-PhoenicianTrade.png
1.200 b.C - Phoenicia rise - «Trade routes» by Yorn (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en; Alis Hubbo, that means safe harbour (actual city of Lisbon), was founded by Phoenecians in that year. Here, Phoenician ruins in the cloisters of Cathedral of Lisbon (photo by Allie Caulfield -Wikipedia -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2002-10-26_11-15_%28Andalusien_%26_Lissabon_283%29_Lissabon%2C_Se_Patriarcal.jpg/800px-2002-10-26_11-15_%28Andalusien_%26_Lissabon_283%29_Lissabon%2C_Se_Patriarcal.jpg
-1.100 b.C - Iron spreeds used
-1.020 b.C - United Kingdom of Israel and Judah
-1.000 b.C. Latins begins to settle in Italic Peninsula
-890 b.C - Homero composed «Iliad» and «Odyssey»
-832 b.C - Construction of the Temple of the king Salomon
-800 b.C - Greek cities (polis) rise (Athens, Sparta, Thebes)
-776 b.C - Classical Antiquity begun with Olympic Games
-768 b.C - Etruscan civilization
-753 b.C - Rome was founded (LATIUM by a map created by Semperf -Wikipedia)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Volsci.jpg/400px-Volsci.jpg
-745 b.C - Origin of Assyria Empire
-728 b.C - Rise of Median Empire
-700 b.C - Sarmatians emerge in steppes between Don River and south of Ural Mountains, Construction of Marib Dam in Arabia Felix
-660 b.C - Rise of Japan Empire
-653 b.C - Rise of Persian Empire
-620 b.C - Sappho the great liric poetess of Lesbos was born
-563 b.C - Siddhārtha Gautama (Buddha) was born
-551 b.C - Confucius was born
-509 b.C - Founding of Roman Republic
-508 b.C - Democracy institued in Athens
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg/800px-Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg
«Reconstruction of the Acropolis and Areus Pagus in Athens» Leo von Klenze (1846)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Reconstruction_of_the_west_pediment_of_the_Parthenon_1.jpg
«Reconstruction of the west pediment of the Parthenon according to drawing by K. Schwerzek» in a photo by Tilemahaos Efthimiadis  (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en


File:Hannon map-fr.svg
-500 b.C Carthaginian «Hanno Navigator´s Exploration» of the west African coast - map created by Bourrichon (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
-480 b.C Zenith of Carthago influence
-431 b.C Sparta hegemony
-390 b.C - Rome is sacked by the Gauls
-371 b.C Thebas hegemony
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/362BCThebanHegemony.png/637px-362BCThebanHegemony.png«The Theban Hegemony, 371 BC - 362 BC» - Megistias (Wikipedia)

-323 b.C Macedon Empire
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MacedonEmpire.jpg/800px-MacedonEmpire.jpg
«Extent of the empire of Alexander the Great» SilvioRusso (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

-194 b.C - Lusitanians resisted but are defeated by Romans
-168 b.C - Greece conquered by Romans
-146 b.C - Carthago conquered by Romans
-139 b.C - Viriathus a great leader of Lusitanians have success in resistance against Romans

-82 b.C Dacia Kingdom rise and will control a territory from Black Sea to Panonia, included Carpathian Mountains (actual Romania and Moldova).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dacia_around_60-44_BC_during_Burebista%2C_including_campaigns_-_Italian.png/800px-Dacia_around_60-44_BC_during_Burebista%2C_including_campaigns_-_Italian.png
«Dacia Kingdom around 60-44 BC during the time of Burebista» Cristiano 64 (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

-50 b.C - Romans leaded by Julius Caesar conquer Galia
-44 b.C - Julius Caesar turns dictator of Rome
-27 b.C - Roman Empire
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Augusto_30aC_-_6dC_55%25CS_jpg.JPG/800px-Augusto_30aC_-_6dC_55%25CS_jpg.JPG
«The Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar (31 BC - AD 6)» Criatiano64 (Wikipedia)  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/House_of_the_Vestals_statue.jpg/800px-House_of_the_Vestals_statue.jpg
«Statue of Flavia Publicia» photo by Wknight94 (Wikipedia) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.it

-7 b.C / -2 b.C - Jesus Christ born

http://paginasvividas.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/pt-mon-16-06.jpg
«Sagrada Família» by Josefa de Óbidos (1664)

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrai4uo1-vd4rSo7KesSV1QUZkBkjSU8Qd7JOGXTWsb8qFp07JejFw7WuMhK-letXKRWhDZBQNU1G0ACCAgj1iX3eAnK4TesORYD40HLtPpvCt5E0ykejIJzZjg_o33cPvTx5Ss4hAAHV5/s320/kilmore+mary+and+jesus.jpg
“Martha, Martha, you are worried and troubled about many things. But one thing is needed, and Mary has chosen that good part, which will not be taken away from her.” Gospel of Luke, Chapter 10 verse 42
Vitral of a window created by Stephen Adam in Kilmore Church, village of Dervaig on the Isle of Mull, Scotland (1910). 

30 a.C / 33 a.C - Jesus Christ Passion and Ressurrection
http://files.myopera.com/Lux%C3%BAria/blog/ressureicao.jpg


a continuar (to be continued)

+350 a.C Hypatia, the philosopher was born in Alexandria

Temas a desenvolver:

M-D-M Vender para Comprar


Esclavagismo
Antiguidade
Mediterrâneo

Jesus Christ: from must be to Be (do dever ser ao Ser)
Cristianismo

Idade Média
Feudalismo
Nobreza
Clero
Terra - Agricultura
Fisiocratismo
Conservadorismo

Artesanato - Manufactura - Indústria
Renascimento
Idade Moderna
Descobrimentos
Mundialização
Atlântico
Comércio
Burguesia
Mercantilismo «money which begets money» dinheiro que gera dinheiro
D+ΔD=D´ Capital usurário e financeiro
D-M-D Comprar para Vender (transformação de Dinheiro em Capital)
D-M-(D´=D+ΔD) Capital mercantil
Capitalismo
D-(M=Mat+Mtr+Tpot)-(M=Pr)-(D´=D+ΔD) Capital industrial
Liberalismo
Romantismo

Estatismo Autocrático
Estatismo Democrático
Social Democracia e Socialismo Democrático
Democracia Representativa e Participativa

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